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Ralph Johnson Bunche (; August 7, 1903 or 1904〔(Bunche Charter School ). Greendot.org (August 7, 1904). Retrieved on 2011-08-03.〕 December 9, 1971) was an American political scientist, academic, and diplomat who received the 1950 Nobel Peace Prize for his late 1940s mediation in Israel. He was the first African American and the first American person of color to be so honored in the history of the prize. He was involved in the formation and administration of the United Nations. In 1963, he was awarded the Medal of Freedom by President John F. Kennedy. For more than two decades, Bunche served as chair of the Department of Political Science at Howard University (1928 to 1950), where he also taught generations of students. He served as a member of the Board of Overseers of his ''alma mater,'' Harvard University (1960–1965), as a member of the board of the Institute of International Education, and as a trustee of Oberlin College, Lincoln University, and New Lincoln School. In August 2008 the United States National Archives and Records Administration made public the fact that Ralph Bunche had joined the U.S. Office of Strategic Services (O.S.S.) – the precursor organization to the Central Intelligence Agency – during World War II. ==Early life and education== Bunche was born in Detroit, Michigan in 1903 or 1904 and baptized at the city's Second Baptist Church. His father Fred Bunche was a barber, while his mother, Olive Agnes (née Johnson), was an amateur musician, from a "large and talented family."〔 Her siblings included Charlie and Ethel Johnson.〔 His maternal grandfather, Thomas Nelson Johnson, was mixed-race African American, the son of Eleanor Madden and her husband. Eleanor was the mixed-race daughter of an African-American slave mother and Irish planter father. Johnson graduated from Shurtleff College in Alton, Illinois in 1875, and then worked there as a teacher. In September 1875 he married Lucy Taylor, one of his students.〔("Ralph J. Bunche" ), Gale Cengage Learning, accessed November 15, 2012〕 Genealogist Paul Heinegg thinks that Fred Bunche (and Ralph) were probably descended from the South Carolina branch of the family but notes it has not been proven. He said that the censuses of 1900 and 1910 for Detroit "list several members of the Bunch family who were born in South Carolina, but Fred Bunch was not among them."〔 He believes that Bunche was descended from Bunch ancestors established as free people of color in Virginia before the American Revolution. There were men of the Bunch surname in South Carolina by the end of the 18th century.〔. He lived for a while in Robeson County, North Carolina, since "Lovec Bunches old field" was mentioned in March 1, 1811 will of John Hammons (1:125 ). ii. Gib., a taxable "free negro" in the District between Broad and Catawba River, South Carolina, in 1784 (Carolina Tax List 1783–1800, frame 37 ). iii. Paul2, head of a Union District, South Carolina household of 6 "other free" in 1800 (). iv. Henry4, head of a Newberry District, South Carolina household of 2 "other free" in 1800 (). v. Ralph J., Nobel Peace Prize winner in 1950, probably descended from the South Carolina branch of the family, but this has not been proved. He was born in Detroit, Michigan, on August 7, 1904, son of Fred and Olive Bunche. The 1900 and 1910 census for Detroit lists several members of the Bunch family who were born in South Carolina, but Fred Bunch was not among them."〕 The Bunch/Bunche surname was extremely rare.〔Quote: Of the fewer than one hundred African men who resided in Virginia before 1640, John Punch is the only man who bears a surname similar to Bunch. John Punch was an adult male living in the period in which John Bunch I was born in Virginia, and resided in the same county. Evidence strongly suggests that John Punch was the father of John Bunch I."〕 In 2012 researchers published evidence showing that Bunch's male descendants, who moved into the frontier of Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina, can be traced through historical records and y-DNA analysis to John Punch, an African indentured servant sentenced to life service in 1640, and considered to be the first slave in Virginia. Several generations of the Bunch men, freemen of color, married white women from the British Isles, who were free.〔(Paul Heinegg, "Bunch Family", ''Free African Americans in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware'' ), 1995–2005. Heinegg and other researchers have found that, as in the case of the Bunch descendants, most such free families were descended from unions of white women, free or indentured servants, with African men, free, indentured or slaves, as the colonial working class intermarried. Their children were free because of being born to free white women, under the colony's law of ''partus sequitur ventrem''.〕 When Ralph was a child, his family moved to Toledo, Ohio, where his father looked for work. They returned to Detroit in 1909 after his sister Grace was born, with the help of their maternal aunt, Ethel Johnson. Their father did not live with the family again after Ohio and had not been "a good provider," but followed them when they moved to New Mexico.〔 Due to the declining health of his mother and uncle, Ralph moved with his maternal grandmother, Lucy Taylor Johnson, to Albuquerque, New Mexico in 1915. His mother died in 1917; his uncle committed suicide three months later.〔 Bunche was 13 years old. In 1918 Lucy Taylor Johnson moved with the Bunche grandchildren to the South Central neighborhood of Los Angeles, which was then mostly white.〔 Fred Bunche later remarried, and Ralph never saw him again.〔 Bunche was a brilliant student, a debater, and the valedictorian of his graduating class at Jefferson High School. He attended the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), and graduated ''summa cum laude'' in 1927 as the valedictorian of his class. Using the money his community raised for his studies and a graduate scholarship at Harvard University, he earned a doctorate in political science. To help with his living expenses while at Harvard, Bunche sought a job at a local bookstore. The owner offered him a part-time job, and Bunche ran the store to his employer's satisfaction. One day the owner called him into the office and said, "Folks tell me you're a Negro. I don't give a damn, but are you?" Bunche asked, "What did you think?" and the owner said, "I couldn't see you clear enough." Bunche was multi-racial, with European and African ancestry.〔 Bunche earned a master's degree in political science in 1928 and a doctorate in 1934, while he was already teaching in Howard University's Department of Political Science. At the time, it was typical for doctoral candidates to start teaching before completion of their dissertations. He was the first African American to gain a PhD in political science from an American university. He published his first book, ''World View of Race,'' in 1936.〔 From 1936 to 1938, Ralph Bunche conducted postdoctoral research in anthropology at the London School of Economics (LSE), and later at the University of Cape Town in South Africa. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ralph Bunche」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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